--the Melville selection is roughly 80% Old English and 20% from other languages (range reported was 65-90% Old English)
--only a very few words in Melville didn't appear in Middle English (1100-1500):
"pistol" (c. 1570)
"circulation," "regulating" are from Late Latin and enter ModE--both are long and technical words
"damp" enters early ModE from Dutch, and is originally a noun
"drizzly" suddenly appears in 1554. [cf. "doze", a very similar appearance]
"shore" has no OED citation before 1599. Merriam-Webster cites ME "shor" and assumes an OE form "scor" OED traces the word to Dutch or to Low German. OED gives no use of the word in Shakespeare. (he does use the phrase "common-shore" or wastepit)
One ultimately Norse word in the passage: "ball"
"part" from both Latin and French.
(OE from Latin; ME from French)
this word entered and then was re-imported later on.
"purse" entered OE from Latin (Latin is from Greek $ Û D F " byrsa "oxhide") the French cognate to "purse" is bourse
"money" from French monnaie
cp. Fr. argent
Sp. dinero
Ger. Gelt
It. soldi
"November" (Latin "ninth month")
septem= seven octo=eight novem=nine decem=ten
COGNATES of words in the Melville passage come largely from
Germanic languages.
There are OHG cognates for words like: years, long, some, I, have, no, in, grow, grim, high, soul, sail, sea, &c. &c.
OHG is not the source of any OE or ModE word
Other
cognates come from Latin, from Greek, even Sanskrit
Latin cognates exist for: way, year, long, is, I, in, for, find*, mouth*
*these are distant cognates
Greek cognates exist for year, I, on, in, water, is
Sanskrit has very few cognates: find (patha "course") and very distant cognates